How Salesforce 18 Digit Id Is Calculated

As we know that each record Id represents a unique record within an organisation. There are two versions of every record Id in salesforce :

• 15 digit case-sensitive version which is referenced in the UI
• 18 digit case-insensitive version which is referenced through the API

The last 3 digits of the 18 digit ID are a checksum of the capitalizations of the first 15 characters, this ID length was created as a workaround to legacy systems which were not compatible with case-sensitive IDs.
The API will accept the 15 digit ID as input but will always return the 18 digit ID.

Now how we can calculate the 18 Digit Id from 15 Digit Id :

//Our 15 Digit Id
String id = '00570000001ZwTi' ;

string suffix = '';
integer flags;
for (integer i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
          flags = 0;
          for (integer j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
               string c = id.substring(i * 5 + j,i * 5 + j + 1);
               //Only add to flags if c is an uppercase letter:
               if (c.toUpperCase().equals(c) && c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') {
                    flags = flags + (1 << j);
               }
          }
          if (flags <= 25) {
               suffix = suffix + 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'.substring(flags,flags+1);
          }else{
               suffix = suffix + '012345'.substring(flags-25,flags-24);
          }
     }

//18 Digit Id with checksum
System.debug(' ::::::: ' + id + suffix) ;